The bystander effect

The bystander effect And of Clay We Are Created, written by Isabel Allende, explores what social psychologists refer to as the bystander effect. In the story, Azucena is a little girl who is trapped in the mud, and needs help if she is to survive. While the girl suffers and was filmed by countless reporters, no one actually comes to save her. The reporters are more concerned with filming the girl than with saving her life. The bystander effect is a psychological phenomenon where persons are less likely to lend assistance in an emergency situation when other humans are present than when they are alone (Myers, 463). Throughout the story, Allende uses voyeurism as a critical dramatic device as she connects Eva Luna to Rolf and Azucena. Through the interactions between the characters, Allende is able to investigate how voyeurism can lead to social apathy and act as a desensitizer in a crisis. Allendes And of Clay We Are Created describes how a host of reporters and cameramen become desensitized and apathetic towards Azucena as she is dying a preventable death. The situation clearly characterizes the bystander effect. Studies by John Darley, a social psychologist at Princeton University, Allan I. Teger, and Lawrence D. Lewis, his colleagues, demonstrated this psychological phenomenon in the laboratory. The most common explanation of this phenomenon is that, the more people present, the more likely the individual observer will pass off the responsibility to help the victim, unfortunately believing that there is bound to be someone who is helping already or is going to help soon (Darley, Lewis, and Teger 395). As more reporters arrive on the scene, each individual reporter feels less obliged to actually, help the girl. Although in the story Allende does mention, Soldiers and volunteers had arrived to rescue the living, the reader is made aware that much of the rescue effort is ineffective and cumbersome (47). In this way, Allende poignantly criticizes the government for not responding appropriately, when she points out geologists had set up their seismographs weeks before and knew that the mountain had awakened again (47). She goes on to say that the geologists had predicted that the heat of the eruption could detach the eternal ice from the slopes of the volcano, but no one heeded their warnings (Allende 47). The immediate thought that strikes the reader is that this completely ghastly episode could have been thwarted entirely if only the villagers had been either directly forewarned or even forced to relocate by the authorities. Interestingly, Allende seems to point out that the villagers themselves did not heed the warnings of the geologists, perhaps to mitigate any blame on the government and the media. Adding to the frustration and ignorance, the leaders of the government and military are unable and/or unwilling to help secure a pump that could have drained the mud water, which could have effectively saved the little girls life. Although it is granted that Azucena is not the only person in dire need of rescuing, the fact that she became the symbol of the tragedy (47) while never receiving help is truly heartbreaking. Instead, the entire world must watch the girl die a slow, agonizing death in front of the cameras. What makes the situation so horrifying is that this event closely parallels an actual incident that occurred in Columbia in 1985 (Picture power). A volcano had erupted (as in the story), and vomited debris and catalyzed mudslides that engulfed the towns near the mountain. A photojournalist who proceeded to take her photograph, which made headlines throughout the world, found a 13-year-old girl. Many who saw the photographs were appalled how technology had been able to cap ture her image for all time and transmit it around the globe, but was unable to save her life (Picture power). In fact, Allende seems to explicitly question the integrity and value of human technology as she describes how more television and movie teams arrived with spools of cable, tapes, film, videos, precision lenses, recorders, sounds consoles, lights, reflecting screens, auxiliary motors, cartons of supplies, electricians, sound technicians, and cameramen, yet how they were not able to secure one life-saving pump (50). It is almost unbelievable how so much advanced technology and machines are brought to film the disaster as opposed to the amount of materials and supplies that are needed to help save the victims of the calamity. Allende is almost begging someone to help the girl as Rolf keeps pleading for a pump (50). Allende also masterfully foreshadows that the attempt to save Azucenas life will inevitably fail as she tells how anyone attempting to reach her was in danger of sinking [themselves] (48). When a rope is thrown to the girl, she tries to grab the rope, but ends up sinking deeper into the mud (Allende, 48). At this point, the reader must also ask whether Azucena actually wants to be saved. She must have been in the mud for some time now, and the pain and shock would have been eating away at her will to survive. In fact, when the rope is thrown at her, she makes no effort to catch the rope (Allende, 48). Has Allende doomed Azucena to death already? For a while, the reader is given little rays of hope that the girl will eventually be rescued and that there will be a happy ending, but in all honesty, most of the signs point toward certain death for the girl. Another attempt to rescue her by tying a rope beneath her arms is also thwarted when the girl cries out in pain from them pulling on the rope (Allende, 48). She is stuck in the mud and is only kept from being totally consumed by the mud when she is given a tire as a life buoy (Allende, 48). Allende skillfully blends fact and fiction, by creating her own stories from events that have transpired in the real world. She creates characters that tell a gripping story, and become very believable. In the story, Rolf is a reporter who finds Azucena, the girl trapped in the mud and debris. Samuel Amago, a literary critic writing in the Latin American Literary Review, asserts that [Rolf] tries to give [Azucena] the inspiration to live while the impersonal television cameras look on without helping (54). He has become battle-tested through his work as Allende explains: For years, he had been a familiar figure in newscasts, reporting live at the scene of battles and catastrophes with awesome tenacity. Nothing could stop himit seemed as if nothing could shake his fortitude or deter his curiosity. Fear seemed never to touch him, although he was not a courageous man, far from it. (47) Through Azucenas struggle, he ends up undergoing a personal transformation by abandoning his aloof stance as a reporter that had served him so well in previous episodes, and by passionately embracing the girls fate personally. This is where voyeurism comes into play. This is not the kind of voyeurism confined only to the sexual fetish of receiving gratification from observing a sexual occurrence or object, but as Elizabeth Gough, a literary critic writing in the Journal of Modern Literature, states that it also includes any kind of intense, hidden or distant gazing (93). Eva Luna is not physically present with Rolf and Azucena, but she is able to see everything that is occurring through the news. She is in a way, spying on the two people. The intensity of her gazing is noticeable as the reader finds that Eva is emotionally, connected as she witnesses the events on television. The first aspect of voyeurism we find is the camera in the story. Rolf is a reporter and sees everything through a lens. Allende describes how the lens of the camera had a strange effect on him; it was as if it transported him to a different time from which he could watch events without actually participating in them (47-48). The mechanical tailoring of the cameras rolling as a human life is slowly failing portrays the media as impersonal, cold, and heartless. To Rolf, the camera lens acted like a desensitizer and promoted a sense of separation between Rolf and his surroundings so that while he was physically at the scene, his mind was in another safe, secure place. Eva Luna realizes that for Rolf, the fictive distance [between the lens and the real world] seemed to protect him from his own emotions (321). Rolf had erected a psychological self-defense mechanism in response to his traumatic experiences as a young child. His trauma mostly stems from his guilt for not protecting his sis ter, Katharina, from their abusive father. Allende suggests that Rolf could not forgive himself for not saving his sister, but through his efforts to save Azucena- and through his subsequent emotional revelations- he could finally weep for her death and for the guilt of having abandoned her (328). Through this act of acceptance, Rolf finally realizes that all his life he had been taking refuge behind a lens to test whether reality was more tolerable from that perspective (Allende 328). Allende suggests that Rolfs voyeuristic approach to life had led to shallow success as a reporter, and weakened his ability to trust his own emotions as well as other humans. Why else did it take him so long to accept that Azucena was going to die? It was because he was too afraid to feel the pain of loss again, just like when he lost his sister. One of the most memorable turning points in the story occurs when Azucena helps Rolf break down his emotional barriers and to come to terms with own past. Azucena accomplishes this not by saying much, but by listening to Rolfs stories until he could not hold back the unyielding floodgates that had contained Rolf Carles past (Allende, 327). In a classic reversal of roles, Azucena takes on the nurturing role of the adult during Rolfs weak and vulnerable moments. Allende portrays Rolfs mother as an uncaring, frigid woman who would not give him emotional support or even to dry his tears (329). Azucena is the one who tells Rolf not to cry, something a traditional mother figure would have done (Allende 329). Voyeurism is also evident when Eva Luna, Rolfs lover, watches all that occurs in the news on television. The physical distance between Eva and Rolf is palpable, as Allende explains through Eva: Many miles away, I watched Rolf Carle and the girl on a television screen (324). Nonetheless, through the story we are made aware that Eva and Rolf are intangibly bound together. The reader is left in the similar plight of Eva; we see natural disasters and tragedy through the eyes of the media. Therefore, in a sense, the media helps desensitize humans to real tragedies that occur by providing a fictive, safe distance for its viewers. This is precisely the reason why actually experiencing something can leave a truly lasting impression whereas seeing something on television can seem obscure and impartial. However, in the story, this fictive distance actually fuels the reality of what is happening at the disaster scene to Eva. For Eva, it is as if she is physically present at the disaster with Rolf and Azucena. The images on the television help her visualize what Rolf is seeing and even thinking at each precise moment, hour by hour (Allende 326). It is indeed surprising and remarkable how Allende portrays the attachment of Eva to Rolf even though Eva is limited to the impersonal medium of television to keep in touch with her lover. Allende explains that Eva was near [Rolfs] world and [she] could at least get a feeling of what he lived through (324). She further clarifies that while [t]he screen reduced the disaster to a single plane and accentuated the tremendous distance that separated [Eva] from Rolf Carle; nonetheless, [she] was there with him (324). Eva and Rolf were connected in mind as well, as Eva was able to overhear the verbal exchanges between Rolf and Azucena to the point wh ere she was present with them (Allende 326). Although it can be argued that Eva is much more personally connected and involved than the general reader is to the situation at the site of the catastrophe, the reader is drawn into the conflict and struggle by the personal narrative of Eva. The reader is told the story through Evas perspective, and thus we are left with an impression that is comparable to the storyteller. The voyeurism goes many ways. Compounding this idea of long-distance interconnectedness is how Allende ties Eva to Azucena, in addition to Rolf. Through Rolfs interplay with Azucena, Eva is hurt by the girls every suffering, and feels Rolfs frustration and impotence (Allende 324). The three are enjoined together in a peculiar love triangle. Rolf tells Azucena that he loves her more than he loved his mother, more than his sister, more than all the women who had slept in his arms, more than he loved [Eva], his life companion (Allende 330). Of course, he does not mean Eros love, the kind between adult men and women, but a more intrinsically human one of neighborly love and goodwill. Eva, in her turn, expresses her love for Rolf and Azucena when she admits that she would have given anything to be trapped in that well in her place, [and] would have exchanged her life for Azucenas (Allende 330). We are then forced to analyze whether the voyeuristic qualities of the media affects the different types of l ove shown in the story. For the most part, the media helps Eva to express stronger love for Rolf and to become connected to Azucena, whom she had never met. Without the media, Eva would never have known what had happened at the disaster as well as the identity of the little girl who had tremendously affected Rolf. For Rolf, his initial voyeurism through the lens of the camera had acted as a desensitizer and emotional barricade, and when faced with the crisis, his love for Azucena is bolstered as he comes to realize he must let go of his past and obligingly accept the situation. However, Rolfs love for Eva seems to have taken a hit after he returns from his ordeal (Allende 331). A bitter question one is forced to ask is what or who exactly Allende is blaming in her story, or if she is even blaming someone or something in particular for Azucenas death. While it is clear that Rolf definitely undergoes a psychological metamorphosis, we cannot logically assume that this change is for the better. The end of the story suggests that Rolf will never be the same man again, but that he will eventually heal (Allende 331). Eva hopes that one day when Rolf return[s] from [his] nightmares, they shall be the happy couple they used to be (Allende 331). However, the ending suggests that for Rolf, the incident was as traumatic as his initial trauma as a child. Rolf is not free from his past, as Eva would like him to be. In fact, although he is freed from his childhood trauma, he is still haunted by his failure to save Azucena. Perhaps Allende is suggesting that emotional healing can only occur when the victim is ready to be healed. Then is Allende blaming the media for Azucenas death? Alternatively, is she pointing out the gross inability of the government to intervene swiftly and to protect its citizens? Probably, a bit of both. The media is clearly depicted in a heartless, cold manner. Why did anyone not helped? Nevertheless, if any one thing is to be blamed, it should be the society where this incident occurred. Allende seems to be challenging the ineptitude and unpreparedness of the government and its leaders for not mustering the resources and courage to save the girl. The villagers are also criticized as unheeding fools who only brought the calamity upon themselves by not listening to the geologists. This makes it hard to blame anyone at all. Perhaps Allende is suggesting that it is unnecessary to blame anyone, but rather to calmly accept what happened, just as Azucena does in the end. One thing is though: that Allende does not approve of the social apathy that permeates throughout the story, and claims t hat it was the unwillingness to help that ultimately kills Azucena. This makes us wonder, just how dangerous it can be to remain a bystander, instead of actively assisting those who need our help. Reference: Amago, Samuel. Isabel Allende and the postmodern literary tradition: A reconsideration of Cuentos de Eva Luna. Latin American Literary Review 28.56 (Jul-Dec 2000): 43-61. Darley, John M., Allan I. Teger, and Lawrence D. Lewis. Do Groups Always Inhibit Individuals Responses To Potential Emergencies? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 26.3 (1973): 395-399. Gough, Elizabeth (2004). Vision and Division: Voyeurism in the Works of Isabel Allende.Journal of Modern Literature,27(4),93-120. Retrieved May 2, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID:801683111). Myers, David G. (2010). Social Psychology (10th Ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Picture power: Tragedy of Omayra Sanchez. BBC News 30 Sept. 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4231020.stm. Rubenstein, R. Larson, C. (2002). Worlds of fiction (2nd Ed.). Isabel Allende, And of Clay Are We Created, 46-52. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall

Religion wealth and poverty Essay

(Ai) Outline the Hindu teachings on wealth and poverty. To be wealthy is to have a large amount of money- enough to feed yourself and others. To suffer from poverty is to have very little or no money- not enough to feed yourself and fulfil your physiological needs. Hinduism is a religion, a culture and to many, a way of life. Due to the globalisation of Hinduism, it has been brought into contact with a large variety of cultures and religions causing Hindu beliefs in areas to be changed or completely removed. Because of this there are many views on the topic of wealth and poverty and some of these are outlined below. In most cultures the caste system is based on the amount of money or power the person has, for example; in England there are three castes- upper, middle, and lower class. In Hinduism there are four castes and they are not based on wealth. These castes are called Varnas and they are in order of highest to lowest:- Brahmin- these are the priests, teachers and the wise men. Kshatriya- these are the warriors, leaders and rulers. Vaisya- these are the traders, merchants, agricultural workers and other forms of commerce. Sudra- these are manual labourers, servants and beggars. This is the lowest caste. You cannot get a job which is not of your caste and you do not choose which caste to be in, but you are born into it. You cannot change between castes in your lifetime. The only way to change between castes is to be reincarnated into another one. The cast you are reincarnated into depends on your karma. To get good karma, you have to follow your dharma (duty of your caste – to get an appropriate job, to pray to God, to be a good citizen). If your karma is good you will be born into a higher caste. If it is bad, you will be born into a lower caste. Because of this caste system, people in the lowest caste (Sudra) could not get enough money to feed themselves or their families because they were inferior and could not get much work. You would probably have to steal from the two middle classes (Vaisya and Kshatriya) as they were likely to have money. Because stealing is a crime, the person who stole would have to pay a fine they can’t afford which would make them poorer and therefore more likely to steal or mug someone. Because of the crimes they are committing, they will get bad karma, causing them to live another life in this caste. In present day, the caste system is no longer used in most cities and urban areas. But in many villages, the caste system is still followed strongly. In Hinduism, money is not considered to be bad, but as a necessity to survive. It is natural to try and earn as much money as you can in the householder stage of life, to pay for your expenses. Many people pray to the Goddess Laxshmi who is the goddess of wealth and prosperity but what is wrong in Hinduism is to become greedy. Poverty is a huge problem in India as it has many beggars who beg on the streets. Many people will not help them as they believe that it is their fault that they are in that caste due to previous karma. But Gandhi said that we should help them as this improves our own karma by helping others. Giving away old clothes instead of throwing them in the bin is a way of helping the poor. (Aii) Explain why there is a need for world development. The world’s countries can be separated into three main categories; Developed countries Developing countries Undeveloped countries. Most of the developed countries are- the USA, Canada, western European countries and Australia. These countries are richer and have more advanced technology. They do not have a poverty problem and if there is, it would probably be relative poverty. The undeveloped countries can be referred to as ‘third world countries’. Most of these are in Africa and Asia. They have huge poverty problems- a mixture of both absolute and relative poverty. Relative poverty is when someone is considered to be poor compared to others in their community. Absolute poverty is when the person cannot afford to buy enough food or shelter for himself or his family. As the countries which have mass poverty problems are very poor, they would borrow money from richer countries such as the USA. This would put the country into debt which would create a large amount of interest as money is usually borrowed in millions or billions. One example is when Chile borrowed 3.9 billion dollars, and then ended up paying back a total of 12.8 billion dollars due to interest. That extra 9 billion dollars could have been used to speed up the development of the country. Because of this huge interest problem governments try to make enough money so they can pay of the debt as quickly as possible otherwise it will keep collecting up interest. One way to do this is to grow cash crops. Cash crops are crops grown to be sold rather than food for the people. The richer countries who buy them often buy them at a lower price than the actual value because the countries are desperate to sell them. Some examples of cash crops are- coffee, cocoa, tobacco, sugar cane and cotton. Due to this many people starve as there is not enough food, so the country ends up borrowing again to pay for the importing of food. Also natural disasters can cause the destruction of houses, farmland, hospitals, schools and businesses. This would mean that the government would have to take out more debts to make repairs and to help the injured. Because of the disaster, the roads may not be safe to travel on so the government would have to use expensive transport such as helicopters in times of emergency. (Aiii) Analyse and explain the work of ONE Hindu agency working for world development. The Hindu agency which I will be talking about is BAPS Care International. BAPS Care International is a charity which became registered in the year 2000. it was previously set up 1950 and done charity work under the BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha. Their mission is to help disadvantaged families and communities mainly in India and they believe that everyone has the right to have a ‘peaceful, dignified and healthy way of life’. They offer many services such as medical, educational, environmental, tribal, community services and disaster relief. BAPS Care International has achieved so much in these past years and here is a list of some of their greatest achievements. They have†¦ over 610 000 patients treated yearly in their facilities. opened 14 hospitals, clinics and healthcare centres. made 11 mobile medical vans for remote communities. give free medicine and medical camps. supported an emergency medical team and services. opened 10 schools, 8 colleges/institutions and 14 student hostels. supported 20 schools and colleges. built 55 schools. recycled 10 000 tons of paper. recycled 10 million aluminium cans. built 85 dams. planted 1.5 million trees. organised weekly meetings in youth centres. Also since the 1970s they have given disaster relief for floods, famines, cyclones, plagues, droughts, ferry disasters, riots, earthquakes and the tsunami. (B) ‘There should be no rich people as long as there is poverty in the world’.

Essay about Mind And Machine - 2428 Words

Mind and Machine: The Essay Technology has traditionally evolved as the result of human needs. Invention, when prized and rewarded, will invariably rise-up to meet the free market demands of society. It is in this realm that Artificial Intelligence research and the resultant expert systems have been forged. Much of the material that relates to the field of Artificial Intelligence deals with human psychology and the nature of consciousness. Exhaustive debate on consciousness and the possibilities of consciousnessness in machines has adequately, in my opinion, revealed that it is most unlikely that we will ever converse or interract with a machine of artificial consciousness. In John Searles collection of lectures, Minds, Brains and†¦show more content†¦Proposition four is where the ends will meet the means. It purports that when we are able to finally understand the brain, we will be able to duplicate its functions. Thus, if we replicate the computational power of the mind, we will then understand it. Through argument and experimentation, Searle is able to refute or severely diminish these propositions. Searle argues that machines may well be able to quot;understandquot; syntax, but not the semantics, or meaning communicated thereby. Esentially, he makes his point by citing the famous quot;Chinese Room Thought Experiment.quot; It is here he demonstrates that a quot;computerquot; (a non-chinese speaker, a book of rules and the chinese symbols) can fool a native speaker, but have no idea what he is saying. By proving that entities dont have to understand what they are processing to appear as understanding refutes proposition one. Proposition two is refuted by the simple fact that there are no artificial minds or mind-like devices. Proposition two is thus a matter of science fiction rather than a plausible theory A good chess program, like my (as yet undefeated) Chessmaster 4000 Trubo refutes proposition three by passing a Turing test. It appears to be intelligent, but I know it beats me through number crunching and symbol manipulation. The Chessmaster 4000 example is also an adequate refutation of Professor Simons fourth proposition: quot;you can understand a process if you can reproduceShow MoreRelatedThe Mind And Machines, An Oxymoron?1365 Words   |  6 PagesMinds and Machines, an oxymoron? Can machines think? This question, addressed by Descartes and Turing, leads to discussion of how thought is constructed and what is the mind made of. At the heart of the debate, there is a schism between Cartesian dualism and functionalism. Language is a method considered by both sides as evidence of thought and provides the test for intelligence. 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The Competition that Exists Between Apple and Other Companies Thesis Proposal Examples

Introduction Apple includes a renowned company that stands out from many other companies of the world. It includes one of the most highly esteemed software companies that pose numerous economic threats to other renowned companies. A major competition occurs between Apple and Samsung companies. The main differences that occurred existed in their models. This led to a prolonged lawsuit between the two competing companies. Their raw over superiority and fame has led to long cases that most specialists view as rather meaningless. This kind of view by specialists since the probability that any of the two companies win the case appears vague. Literature Review 1.1 Main causes of the wrangles between Apple and other companies Other companies such as Android also view Apple as a big threat to its economic development. Samsung once based its closure on the grounds that Apple threatened the economies of other software companies. Apple as a company views other companies, including Samsung as copycat companies. This occurs as one of the main reasons behind the numerous lawsuits that exist among the various software companies. In particular, Apple claims that Samsung and the other companies copied a wide number of features that exist on its mobile phones and other software. For instance, the texture of its Smartphone appeared similar to that of Apple makes. Furthermore, the overall sales made by Apple dropped drastically at some point. This occurred since most of the Smartphone and Samsung imitated tablets it made. 1.2 Results of the wrangles The competition that has existed between Apple and Microsoft led to an immense improvement in the economies of these two entities. This large improvement in these economies occurred since their existed subsequent advancements in the Smartphone produced by both companies thus, increasing the sales of the products. However, Apple still stands out as the most fundamental software company in the world. It offers most secure features that suit the customers’ needs. For instance, it offers security in activities such as e-mailing. Methology 1.1 How Apple managed to maintain its high rank Apple as a company applies several strategies that enable it to succeed at world market levels. Apart from using unique techniques in manufacturing its software, its management also appears stable. It possesses a unified management where all the decisions are made jointly. In addition to that, it possesses desirable DNA designs. This makes its products most preferred by buyers since they appear appealing to the eye. One true thing about the competition that exists between the various companies is that these competitions improve the market conditions for each company. This occurs since in the attempts to beat the other company in software features and security, there makes tend to improve thus, improving the market conditions. Results 1.1 Outcomes of the lawsuit The eventuality of all the competition and lawsuits led to an improvement in the other makes from other companies. However, the lawsuits remained unsettled since the cases occurred rather stiff on the competing sides. Since time immemorial, Apple worked on enhancing its uniqueness as compared to other companies. This outstanding uniqueness vividly occurred in its models and functional characteristics. In addition to that, it offered various services that lacked in the other software, for instance those made by Compaq. Compaq models were not as attractive as those of Apple were. 1.2 Benefits to Apple The differences set by Apple occurred in order to enable the company stand out amongst the rest. As the other companies produced similar software, Apple maintained its uniqueness. Eventually, it uniqueness led to its high competitive nature in the world market. Due to this, other companies such as Motorola and Samsung found the basis of emulating Apple’s features, claiming that those were only but marketing strategies. Thus, these conflicts led to the lawsuits that occurred in the courts of law. Analysis and Discussion 1.1 Impacts of the competition on the other companies Apple as a company applies several strategies that enable it to succeed at world market levels. Apart from using unique techniques in manufacturing its software, its management also appears stable. It possesses a unified management where all the decisions are made jointly. In addition to that, it possesses desirable designs. This makes its products most by buyers since they appear appealing to the eye. The truth about the competition that exists between the various companies is that these competitions tend to improve the market conditions for each company. The attempts to beat the other company in software features and security, there make tend to improve thus, improving the market conditions. This eventually results in better software in the Microsoft market. Conclusion In summary, despite Apple’s dominion on the world market, this trend led to the subsequent improvement of the other Microsoft companies. In addition, most of the other companies ended up emulating the designs of Apple leading to a number of prolonged lawsuits. Moreover, the bitter clashes amongst these software companies led to the generation of great enmity between their founders. For instance, since Apple claimed that Android copies some of its features, its founder, Jill wanted to crash down the Android software company. Finally, it occurs key to note that competition appears fundamental in any marketing or business environment. This occurs since competition leads to improved innovation in various companies as witnessed in Apple and its competitors. References Constantinos, C., 2004. Fast Second: How smart Companies Bypass Radical Innovation, 61(10), 78. Oded, S., 2010. Copycats: How Smart Companies use Imitations to Gain a Strategic Edge, 63(10), pp. 17- 34. Nitin, P., 2011. High Performance Companies: Successful Strategies from the World’s Top Acheivers, 33(7), pp. 45.