Metaparadigm essay free essay sample

The character of the nurse is as important as the knowledge she possesses. Carolyn Javis. It was said by International Code of Nursing, Nursing as an integral part of the health care system, encompasses the promotion of health, prevention of illness and care of physically ill, mentally ill and disabled people of all ages, in all health care and other community settings. Since nursing care is crucial for the client and their wellbeing it is considered one of the major factors pertaining to the health care settings. A nurse must collaborate with other health care professionals to enhance health promotion and Maintence of the clients and the community. A nurse is considered a qualified health care professional who possess the art and science of nursing.Nursing care of any sort is based on a theory named Basic Metaparadigm Concepts of Nursing. Which may best be defined as a group of nursing theories and concepts that sets the phenomena in which a discipline is concerned. We will write a custom essay sample on Metaparadigm essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A metaparadigm is the most general statement of a discipline and functions as a framework in which the more retracted structures of conceptual models developed. (Miller- Keane Dictionary, 2009). However, this theory contains four significant concepts relating to nursing care and the client. Which are the client, the clients environment, the clients health and wellbeing and the nursing responsibility. Each aspect of the mentioned concepts contributes a major role to the client and their complete state of health and wellbeing. As a nurse it is essential when caring for clients to apply these concepts to work cohesively together with the nursing process to provide essential care for the client as it is the main objective of nursing care. In this essay each concept of the metaparadigm will be further considered on how they influence the nurse and nursing practice.Firstly, the client in the concepts of metaparadigm refers to an individual receiving health care from a nurse professional. The client in this specific context is an individual who seek health care assistance from a nurse professional. The client and family and the nurse through appropriate communication must build a relationship in partnership of the objective of the client health and wellbeing. They must have a proactive relationship and all work together during the interaction period. In the process of this the nurse must be mindful of the client and family subjective experiences about wellness, beliefs, values and personal preferences and always include the client and family in the decision making affecting his/her treatment and recovery.This approach greatly influences the giving of care. The approach precisely is required to enable the client to heal physically, mentally, socially and emotionally together with their family and friends who support them throughout. Additionally, the nurse also has the responsibility to achieve and maintain a trusting relationship with the client to develop a sense of safety, comfort and respect to enhance the healing process and in necessary instances the coping process which can be very difficult for most client and family members. In final thought of the client, the task of the nurse is always high in demand because the nurse has the entire responsibility of promoting health, and Maintence, prevention of illness and facilitating the client and there well being and ensuring there needs for coping and trusting they will recovery from a disease or illness and most importantly ensuring the nursing process is achieved. Secondly, the clients environment in the concepts of metaparadigm refers to the external element which affects a person internally and externally or both. The internal factor of environment is the clients individual mental and emotional conditions and the external factor of environment is the client physical, cultural, social, socio economic and political which surrounds the client. However, they both influence the client health and plays a significant role in maintaining health and promoting recovery from illnesses. It was Florence Nightingale the founder of Nursing who has a theory on environmental health which states Environmental factors such as fresh air, pure water, sufficient food supplies, efficient drainage, cleanliness of the environment and light influences a clients health status. Which means for a client to be healthy they must be in a clean enough environment.Therefore, when a nurses cares for the client she/he must keep in consideration the environment the client lives in and must be modified in such a way that will promote optimal heath and healing for the client. This is beneficial because during the presence of the nursing care the nurse can help develop methods for the client in the recovery process. However, a nurse must use her interpersonal abilities to help the client with strategies with the adaption to attain such. For example, a client who contacts the disease dengue fever which is caused by the dengue virus when bitten by an insect named mosquito. The nurse doesnt tell the client to move out from their home, however the nurse will encourage the client to clean out all drainage around there homes and cover all water supplies properly and educate the client because of those factors mosquitoes are present. In final thought of the clients environment, the clients environment affects their internal and external health. However, since everyone cannot live in a perfect environment the nurse must make it his/her responsibility to encourage any few affordable changes to the client be made and adaption to made to enhance health promotion and Maintence and recovery of the client and their family.Thirdly,

Ancient Roman Sandals and Other Footwear

Ancient Roman Sandals and Other Footwear Considering how prized modern Italian leather goods are today, it is perhaps not too surprising that there was a good deal of variety of the types of ancient Roman sandals and shoes. The shoe-maker (sutor) was a valued craftsman in the days of the Roman Empire, and the Romans contributed the entire-foot-encasing shoe to the Mediterranean world. Roman Footwear Innovations Archaeological studies indicate that the Romans brought the shoe-making technology of vegetal tanning to Northwestern Europe. Tanning can be accomplished by the treatment of animal skins with oils or fats or by smoking, but none of those methods result in permanent and water-resistant leather. True tanning uses vegetable extracts to create a chemically stable product, which is resistant to bacterial decay, and has resulted in the preservation of many examples of ancient shoes from damp environments such as riverside encampments and backfilled wells. The spread of vegetable tanning technology was almost certainly an outgrowth of the imperial Roman army and its supply requirements. Most of the earliest preserved shoes have been found in early Roman military establishments in Europe and Egypt. The earliest preserved Roman footwear found so far was made in the 4th century BCE, although it is still unknown where the technology originated. In addition, the Romans innovated a variety of distinctive shoe styles, the most obvious of which are hobnailed shoes and sandals. Even the single-piece shoes developed by the Romans are significantly different from the pre-Roman native footwear. The Romans are also responsible for the innovation of owning multiple pairs of shoes for different occasions. The crew of a grain ship sunk in the Rhine River about 210 CE each owned one closed pair and one pair of sandals. Civilian Shoes and Boots The Latin word for generic sandals is sandalia or soleae; for shoes and shoe-boots the word was calcei, related to the word for heel (calx). Sebesta and Bonfante (2001) report that these types of shoes were specifically worn with the toga and so were forbidden to slaves. In addition, there were slippers (socci) and theatrical footwear, like the cothurnus. The generic calceus was made of soft leather, completely covered the foot and was fastened in front with thongs. Some early shoes had pointed upward curving toes (calcei repandi), and were both laced and strapped into place. Later shoes had rounded toes.The wet weather called for a boot called the pero, which was made of rawhide. Calcamen was the name of a shoe that reached mid-calf.The black leather senators shoe or calceus senatorius had four straps (corrigiae). A senators shoes were decorated with a crescent shape on the top. Except for color and price, the senators shoe was similar to the patricians costlier red high-soled calceus mulleus fastened with hooks and straps around the ankle.Caligae muliebres were unstudded boots for women. Another diminutive was the calceoli, which was a little shoe or half boot for women. Footwear for a Roman Soldier According to some artistic representations, Roman soldiers wore embromides, impressive dress boots with a feline head that came nearly to the knees. They have never been found archaeologically, so it is possible that these were an artistic convention and never made for production. Regular soldiers had shoes called campagi militares and the well-ventilated marching boot, caliga (with the diminutive caligula used as a nickname for the 3rd Roman emperor). Caliga had extra thick soles and were studded with hobnails. Roman Sandals There were also house sandals or soleae to wear when Roman citizens were dressed in tunica and stola- soleae were thought inappropriate for wear with togas or palla. Roman sandals consisted of a leather sole attached to the foot with interlacing thongs. The sandals were removed before reclining for a feast and at the conclusion of the feast, the diners requested their sandals. References Sebesta JL, and Bonfante L. 2001. The World of Roman Costume. Madison: University of Wisconsin.van Driel-Murray C. 2001. Vindolanda and the Dating of Roman Footwear. Britannia 32:185-197.

Bad Boys II Movie Review

Bad Boys II Movie Review The film Bad Boys II, starring two cops named Marcus and Mike (Martin Lawrence and Will Smith), is set in Miami where both partners are assigned to look for clues and evidence for an international drug dealer’s arrest. As they start with the investigation and stake outs, they find themselves insulting each other, fighting like little brothers, and messing up operations. Aside from cop work, Marcus soon discovers some information about the whereabouts and actions of his sister (Gabrielle Union), who is also an undercover agent working for the FBI. Stunned, Marcus becomes irritated with his partner and debates if he really should transfer. The movie’s genre was mostly action-packed. The strengths of the action part because the actors were racing against time to achieve a goal, the shootouts that took place, and tons of explosions. The strength of the romance parts shows Mike and Marcus’ sister together occasionally showing their love affections to one another while trying to hide the secret from Marcus. The strength of the comedy part is when the partners argue or when Marcus freaks out about his sister dating his Mike. A weakness throughout the entire movie was there was too many arguments between the partners when the focus of the movie should’ve been on the case. The movie fulfilled all the parts of story plot, but the visual effects and the audio needed work. One problem was that during the night scenes, the lighting throughout the scene wasn’t good because I couldn’t tell who was talking, who the characters were, and where the cameras were supposed to be focused in on. Naturally, actors’ voices tend to be quieter at night to fit the mood in the scene but I could barely hear the characters’ lines. There were no big distractions that deterred my attention away from the focus of the scene, it’s just the work of the audio and visual. This could’ve been fixed by adding mics on the actors adding props like light posts to or candles near them to enhance the lighting in the scene. While the movie is filled with action and is barely slowed paced, certain parts are realistic but not all. For example, when the international drug dealer, Carlos ‘Johnny’ Tapia’s (Jordi Molla) operation is discovered by the cops, he decides to takes Marcus’ sister hostage after discovering she is an agent. In my opinion, this isn’t realistic because you wouldn’t have your sister working as an agent, she wouldn’t be working on the same mission as you, and she wouldn’t get kidnapped to be forced to leave to Cuba with the enemy. Another example is during a chasing scene, Mike is behind the wheel, Marcus and his sister are trying to lose the enemies in pursuit by shooting at them. At one point they cross through a village where there looks to be inhabited by Cubans but there is no people in the huts or around the village. If there are two trucks running through a village, destroying their property, where was everyone? Where did they go? The least the movie directors could’ve done is have people scream in fear to make it look inhabited. Compared to the first â€Å"Bad Boys† movie, this movie is completely differently but does have the same story plot. In the first movie, there is a drug dealer or the antagonist, the two heroes, the sidekick, and operations. The second movie has everything the first movie has just a little more detailed than the first. The difference between the two movies was the time difference. The time was really important when comparing the movies together, because of the advancement in the camera technology, the filters used, and how realistic the explosions were or the actors’ lines. Overall, I believe the movie is an ok movie. It’s a film worth seeing if you’re into action, and like explosions spraying across the television. Aside from being action-packed and funny, it can also be informative, which is something not a lot of movies directors input into movies nowadays. Michael Bay has proven to world yet again that this film can be a hyperkinetic. Bay gives the audience a new surprise around every corner, giving the movie a new kind of excitement. Some of the viewers and fans have also requested a third movie to come out and directors have heard requests and plan on making a sequel, meaning this won’t be the last time hearing from the two bad boys for life.

Can we identify a compound that could be added to spermatozoa in vitro Assignment

Can we identify a compound that could be added to spermatozoa in vitro to enhance their motility - Assignment Example In particular, sperm motility is an important parameter because it indicates the integrity of the sperm tail and axoneme structures as well as the status of mitochondrial metabolic machinery (Saharkhiz et al., 2013). The World Health Organization uses a 40% cut off as the lower limit of progressive sperm motility. Although the exact cause of asthenospermia is not clear, there is growing evidence that it may arise due to hyper-viscosity of semen, varicoceles, autoimmunity of the sperm cell, and necrospermia resulting from immotile cilia (Kartagener) syndrome (Saharkhiz et al., 2013). Overall, reduced sperm motility indicates epididymal or testicular failure that can be caused by various factors. Currently, treatment of male infertility has focused mainly on the traditional in vitro fertilization (IVF) approach and newer interventions such as micro-epididymal sperm aspirations and microsurgical fertilization. However, these techniques are uncommon in andrological practice. Current research efforts in this area focus on the use of chemical stimulation of spermatozoa. A number of chemicals can stimulate sperm motility including the addition of compounds known to exhibit phosphodiesterase inhibition (PDEI) activity to enhance sperm motility in vitro without compromising sperm morphology and function. PDEIs are a class of related compounds such as pentoxifylline (PTX) that selectively catalyze the hydrolysis of 3’ phosphate bond in cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) phosphate or cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP). In one of the pioneering studies on in vitro stimulation of sperm motility, Shen (1991) demonstrated that Pentoxifylline (PTX) increases motility (velocit y) of ejaculated human spermertozoa both in in vitro aesthenozoospermic samples in oral therapy. Related studies have shown that PTX added in sperm suspensions increases sperm motion within 10 days with the motility characteristics persisting

The evaluation of Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Coursework

The evaluation of Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust - Coursework Example Using post-investigation developments, this essay will attempt to draw lessons from this experience in the light of strategic business management principles in health care. The Trust Case MSNHSFT provides healthcare for 300,000 residents and targeted to deliver high level and culture of care by following regulations and aiding its staff to perform their duties responsibly and accountability. However, the last four years proved the institution’s failure to exhibit these themes and the increasing death toll of patients was appalling. A full independent investigation of MSNHSFT was done to hear, review, appraise and evaluate the capacity of administrators and its human resource about poor professional services, how it negatively impact to patients and eroded the institution’s credibility (Francis, 2010). Investigating team were mandated to look into the culture, systems, processes, or the general performance of management to understand how it miserably failed to meet the e xpectation of excellent service. The investigation gathered 966 persons and 82 staff of the Trust as respondents. Such encouraged review of the Department of Health (DoH) too and periodic monitoring since then. Recommendations were thereafter formulated for immediate actions (Francis, 2010 & Care Quality Commission, 2010). Investigation and recommendations The investigation covered reports relating to diagnoses and medication, health and sanitation, patients’ care and management, safety and risk mitigation in its facilities, nutrition and patients diet, cleanliness and infection prevention, reporting and documentation, as well as on its flow of communication (Francis, 2010 & CQC, N. and Care Quality Commission, 2010). The investigation’s results summarily pointed: failure in operations management, failures in business processes and failure in customer/patient handling aspects. a. Failures in Operations management—is illustrated with issues on (a) administrationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s so much focus on processes but not on outcomes; (b) gaps between management and staff which resulted to the latter’s exclusion in management; and (c) negligence to increasing figure of mortality rate of patients (Francis, 2010 & CQC, N. and Care Quality Commission, 2010). b. Failures in Business processes -- The institution failed to maintain professional standard in the absence of genuine performance appraisal, supervision assessment and professional development. MSNHSFT has weak management decisions and was not transparent on its accountability. It also relied on false guarantees from external assessments. (Francis, 2010 & and Care Quality Commission, 2010). c. Failures in Customer/patient handling aspects—The hospital staff failed to maintain professional standard as depicted in their (a) inability to fully listen diligently to patients’ complaints; (b) failure to respond to challenges on geriatrics care; and (c) absence of concern to increasing stat istics of patients’ who died while under care (Francis, 2010 & Care Quality Commission, 2010). Considering all of these problems, the investigating team and the DoH made 18 recommendations, on top of which is for the Secretary of Health to consider asking the Monitor to enforce its de-authorization over MSNHSFT, or if it will be sustained of its operation, to enforce professional standard managing this hospital foremost. Recommendations also demanded from the institution to live out professional leadership

Speech Variation In Restaurants Essay Example for Free

Speech Variation In Restaurants Essay There are three different dialects in Pennsylvania that will give away where you reside. Why is there so much contrast in speech among the residents of the city and country? The culture where I am from has molded my speech, attitude, and actions; it also has created who I am today. The â€Å"city life† is exceptionally different from the â€Å"country life,† I know this because of my expedition to the middle of nowhere, Lock Haven, PA. Somewhere on the four-hour car ride from Philadelphia to Lock Haven, the residents begin to talk a little stranger with a different dialect then the east coast. For the last five years, I have been employed at a corporate owned Mexican-grill restaurant, Chili’s. When I came to school at the beginning of the Fall 2011 semester, I took on a job at the local corporate restaurant, Ruby Tuesday. By working in restaurants, it forced me to communicate with thousands of people from all over the world. Not only did I encounter the behavioral differences of the â€Å"townies† in the Lock Haven area, but also I found it extremely difficult to converse and understand the costumers and employees at Ruby Tuesday. Going out to eat is something you do for relaxation and pleasure, but when a new employee is thrown into the stressful world of the restaurant industry, the â€Å"new fish† is quickly exposed to words that may seem like a foreign language. Although the syntax in the restaurant business is the same as the English language, the function words vary. There are countless restaurant terms that are used by every position in the establishment. These function words also change through out the country. Not only are you dealing with regional accents, you are dealing with different terminology that is dependent on the location of the business. In the city, it is usually assumed that slang would be more present in the restaurants. This is a true statement for the costumers going out to eat, this is a false statement for the employees that have to represent a corporation that is located in an area of high population, where most of the income is coming from. I have seen more employees get fired in the city for being unprofessional and using slang then I have seen in Lock Haven. At Ruby Tuesday, I have found myself baffled countless times by some of morphology my costumers use. It’s frequent that the costumers have to repeat themselves because of the language barrier. A speech community is a group of people who set norms and expectations regarding the use of language, and being from the city makes any Philadelphia aborigine an outcast. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_community]. There are different words for the same thing, synonyms, which vary around the state of Pennsylvania in restaurants. For example the seating area around the bar is called the â€Å"lounge† in Philadelphia. The seating area around the bar in Lock Haven is still known as the dinning room area. [http://blog.etundra.com/in-the-restaurant/glossary-restaurant-terms/]. Pennsylvania is divided into roughly three different dialects, The Atlantic midland, East midland, and Pittsburg. [http://aschmann.net/AmEng/]. After watching videos of citizens such as City Councilman Frank Rizzo, Jr. who resides in Philadelphia, Rick Gray, mayor of Lancaster, and U.S. representative Michael Doyle of Pittsburg, it’s is evident that Pennsylvania has distinct native accents. After watching all three videos of these men talking, the accent and dialect that I can most relate to would be Frank Rizzo Jr., the accent that affiliates the most with Lock Haven dialect is Michael Doyle. The way Frank Rizzo pronounces his vowels are very distinct. You can tell in the way he says â€Å"bad, had, and dad,† the IPA sound |à ¦| is pronounced as the IPA sound |I| is pronounced, this is a sign that he is a native of Philadelphia tongue. By having different accents in the restaurant industry, it could get confusing because of the constant screaming and communication in the BOH (Back of the House, or kitchen). [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/phoneticsymbolsforenglish.htm] Just in Pennsylvania, there are at least three contrasting dialects. There are multifarious clues that can give away where a costumer or fellow employee is from. If one pays attention to the sound of the use of their vowel pronunciations, behavior, actions and use of slang, it is effortless. It is a phenomenon how just a few hours can exaggeratedly change the way someone talks. Next time you go out to eat, try to figure out where your server is from using these clues!

Thos Pynchons The Crying of Lot 49: No Escape Essay -- Crying Lot 49

     Ã‚   There are two levels of participation within The Crying of Lot 49:   that of the characters, such as Oedipa Maas, whose world is limited to the text, and that of the reader, who looks at the world from outside it but who is also affected the world created by the text.3   Both the reader and the characters have the same problems observing the chaos around them.   The protagonist in The Crying of Lot 49, Oedipa Mass, like the reader, is forced to either involve herself in the deciphering of clues or not participate at all.4 The philosophy behind The Crying of Lot 49 seems to lie in the synthesis of philosophers and modern physicists.   Ludwig Wittgenstein viewed the world as a "totality of facts, not of things."1   This idea can be combined with a physicist's view of the world as a closed system that tends towards chaos.   Pynchon asserts that the measure of the world is its entropy.2   He extends this metaphor to his fictional world.   He envelops the reader, through various means, within the system of The Crying of Lot 49.    Pynchon designed The Crying of Lot 49 so that there would be two levels of observation:   that of the characters such as our own Oedipa Maas, whose world is limited to the text, and that of the reader, who looks at the world from outside it but who is also affected by his relationship to that world.3   Both the reader and the characters have the same problems observing the chaos around them.   The protagonist in The Crying of Lot 49, Oedipa Mass, like Pynchon's audience, is forced to either involve herself in the deciphering of clues or not participate at all.4    Oedipa's purpose, besides executing a will, is finding meaning in a life dominated by assaults on people's perceptions through drug... ...rying of Lot 49," Mindful Pleasures (Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), p. 3.      5   John Johnston. "Paranoia as a Semiotic Regime in The Crying of Lot 49,"New Essays on the Crying of Lot 49 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p.         6 "Paranoia", p. 4.      7   The Grim Phoenix, p. 15.      8   Crying of Lot 49, p. 49.      9   Robert Hipkiss, The American Absurd, (University of Chicago: New York), p. 90   10   Paranoia as a Semiotic Regime, p. 6.      11   Crying of Lot 49, p. 58.      12   Crying of Lot 49, p. 22 .   13   The Grim Phoenix, p. 26 .   14   Paranoia as a Semiotic Regime, p. 1 .   15   Crying of Lot 49, p. 69.      16   Crying of Lot 49, p. 79 .   17   David Seed, Fictional Labyrinths of Thomas Pynchon (University of Iowa Press: Iowa City), p. 124.      

The Roles of Management in an Organization

The success of an organization rests on the ability of managers to plan, organize, direct and control. ‘ The aim of this essay is to examine to what extent the above statement is an accurate appraisal of successful management? To illustrate the arguments put forward this essay will refer to the case study ‘The launch of the centaur' taken from Paton et al text ‘Organizations, Cases, Issues and Concepts'. The case study reports on the problems that occurred when Centaur replaced Paravel car manufacturers. This essay will include a study of Henri Fayol's five key managerial elements in order to display whether it is essential to plan, organize, direct and control followed by practical examples drawn from the highlighted case study. Fayol's career began as a mining engineer and then moved into research geology and in 1888 joined, Comambault as Director. The company was in difficulty but Fayol turned the operation round. On retirement he published his work – a comprehensive theory of administration – described and classified administrative management roles and processes then became recognised and referenced by others in the growing discourse about management. Fayol categorized management into five key elements, which can be seen in appendix one. The first of the elements is planning; Fayol believes that planning † means both to access the future and make provision for it†[1] Fayol views the â€Å"action plan† as the most useful output of the planning process. He notes that this plan must consider the firm's resources, work- in-progress, and future trends of the eternal environment. Fayol also believes that a good action plan must consist of continuity, unity, flexibility and precision. Pugh and Hickson state that † The problems of planning which management must overcome are: making sure the objectives of each part of the organisation are securely welded together (Unity); using both short and long term forecasting (continuity); being able to adapt the plan in the light of changing circumstances (flexibility); and attempting to accurately predict courses of action Precision†[2]. The essence of planning is to allow the optimum use of resources. The views of Fayol and Pugh and Hickson illustrate the importance of planning when seeking to be a successful manager. The second of the elements is organizing, Fayol states that â€Å"personnel is the focus of this section†[3] He believes that managerial duties of an organisation must be realised through the use of personnel. He argues that despite the variety of business, every firm of similar employee size differs mainly in the † nature and relative value of constituent elements†[4]. The task of management is to build up an organisation that allows the activities to be carried out in an optimal manner. Pugh and Hickson state, â€Å"Central to this is a structure in which plans are effectively prepared and carried out. There must be unity of command and direction, clear definition of responsibilities, precise decision making backed up by an efficient system for selecting and training managers†[5]. The views of Fayol and Pugh and Hickson illustrate the importance of organizing when seeking to be a successful manager. Fayol has identified that there are many key objectives of organising, which can be located on Appendix two The Fayol's third element comes logically after the first two, plan and control his third element is to command. In relation to the question command is part of the ability to direct. Fayol states that commanding is â€Å"the responsibility of every manager†[6]. The purpose of this is to achieve the maximum contribution from all personnel to help with the interests of the organization. Pugh and Hickson state that with the â€Å"ability to command the manager obtains the best possible performance from subordinates†[7]. Organisations have a variety of tasks to perform so co-ordination is needed, which is the fourth of Fayol's elements and the other half of the ability to direct. Fayol has created a list of managerial duties/responsibilities, which are highlighted in Appendix 3 Fayol states â€Å"co-ordinating is the harmonisation of resources in their optimum proportions in order to achieve results†[8]. Pugh and Hickson backup Fayol's view † essentially this is making sure that one departments efforts are coincident with efforts of other departments, and keeping all activities in perspective with regard to the overall aims of the rganisation†[9]. Fayol identifies some of the key characteristics of a well co-ordinated organisation. These characteristics are highlighted in Appendix 4. The fifth and final of Fayol's five elements is controlling which logically checks the other four elements are performing correctly. Fayol states that controlling â€Å"consists of the ongoing, routin e verification of plan implementation, instructions issued and principles†[10]. Controlling applies to all processes and its purpose is to identify weaknesses and problems that can be rectified and to prevent recurrences. Fayol believes that organisations should be â€Å"cautious against infiltration of control†[11] such as duality of command. Fayol also stresses the need for independent, objective and impartial inspection. Pugh and Hickson believe that † to be effective, control must operate quickly and there must be a system of sanctions. The best way to ensure this is to separate all functions concerned with inspection from operation departments whose work they inspect†[12]. This backs up the view made by Fayol. The above views illustrate the importance of the ability to command when aiming to become a successful manager. Fayol's managerial functions have been subject to in-depth analysis, which had led to the highlighting of various weaknesses. The main weakness is that the Fayol system is based upon assumption and clearly lacks consideration of human behaviour. One of his five elements taken from Pugh and Hickson (1996) â€Å"To forecast and plan – prevoyance† illustrates this. It is impossible to forecast every activity within the workplace e. g. arguments amongst staff, staff leaving the company and basically any emergencies that arrive. Some might believe that Fayol's theoretical thinking placed too much importance on observation, Mintzberg (1989) himself suggests â€Å"If you ask managers what they do they will almost likely tell you that they plan, organize, co-operate and control. Then watch what they do. Do not be surprised if you can't relate what you see to those four words†[13]. Mintzberg undertook an extensive study of executives at work. He categorized management into three groups that are divided into ten roles which can be seen in Appendix A Roles such as leadership, liaison, monitor, disturbance handler etc, which are not mentioned in Fayol's model of management, clearly illustrate that interpersonal skill have been neglected in his management approach. This is seen, as a major weakness because interpersonal skills are essential in the day to day running of a business, as stated above it is impossible to foresee the future. Chris Argyris and David McGregor highlight other weaknesses Argyris (1957) noted that if classical principles of formal rganization are used, employees work in a certain environment (Appendix 6). This approach to organisations and their management has been subject to substantial criticism. It employs close system assumptions in order to reduce uncertainty and maximise control. Many of its principles are based on common sense â€Å"Truism† and suffer from generality, in that they lack specific guidelines for applications. It regards the organisation as machine and people as its components, or ganisation without people. At its best it regards the individuals as only motivated by money. It, therefore, disregards the social and more complex needs of individuals in organisations. In the late 1950s, Douglas McGregor stressed the importance of Understanding the relationships between motivation and human nature. He believed that managers attempted to motivate employees using one of two basic approaches. The first was a negative theory, labeled theory X. Theory X Followed the traditional view of management based on direction and control. It Suggested that managers were required to coerce, control or threaten employees in order to motivate them. In contrast, the second was a positive theory, labeled Theory Y, and was based on new information about behavior. Theory Y suggested that managers believed that people are capable of being responsible and mature. Despite the above criticism the classical approach still remains influential even today. Many of its principles have formed the foundation for the development of the modern management concepts. It is advised that new managers should consider Fayol's model of management but also consider other theories from academics such as Mintzberg.

Critical Analysis of the Conflict Theory Essay

There are three major theories: Structural Functionalism, Symbolic Interaction, and Conflict. These theories relate to the main aspects of life in a society: organized group membership, interaction, and conflict. Out of all three of these, conflict seems to be the most straight-forward. Every person has experienced conflict in life. The main focus of this theory is how power structures and power disparities impact people’s lives (The Catholic University of America, 2008). Conflict theory according to Crossman (2013) emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order. This is derived from the works of Karl Marx, who saw society as fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. According to Walsh (2012), Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) is the father of critical criminology; he is also associated with the ideas of socialism and communism. â€Å"The core of Marxism is the concept of class struggle: Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guildmaster and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another. The oppressors in Marx’s time were the owners of the means of production (the bourgeoisie), and the oppressed were the workers (the proletariat). The bourgeoisie strives to keep the cost of labor at a minimum, but the proletariat strives to sell its labor at the highest possible price. These opposing goals are the major source of conflict in a capitalist society. The bourgeoisie enjoys the upper hand because capitalist societies have large armies of unemployed workers eager to secure work at any price, thus driving down the cost of labor. These economic and social arrangements – the mater ial conditions of people’s lives – determine what they will know, believe, and value, and how they will behave.† To sum this up, Marx referred to these groups as the have’s (bourgeoisie), and the have not’s (proletariat). Read Also:  Critical Thinking Essay Topics Conflict theory is in essence a complex system with imbalance, which results in conflict that can leave to social change. It explains social life through understanding social processes as the result of the constant struggle between groups. In society there are limited resources, such as power, wealth, education, and prestige, as a result people compete for those resources for survival and to improve their position in society. As stated  by McQueeney (2011) according to conflict theory, society is: â€Å"A struggle for dominance among competing social groups (classes, genders, races, religions, etc.). When conflict theorists look at society, they see the social domination of subordinate groups through the power, authority, and coercion of dominant groups. In the conflict view, the most powerful members of dominant groups create the rules for success and opportunity in society, often denying subordinate groups such success and opportunities; this ensures that the powerful continue t o monopolize power, privilege, and authority. You should note that most conflict theorists oppose this sort of coercion and favor a more equal social order. Some support a complete socioeconomic revolution to socialism (Marx), while others are more reformists, or perhaps do not see all social inequalities stemming from the capitalist system (they believe we could solve racial, gender, and class inequality without turning to socialism). However, many conflict theorists focus on capitalism as the source of social inequalities.† The primary cause of social problems is the exploitation and oppression of subordinate groups by dominants. Conflict theorists generally view oppression and inequality as wrong, whereas structural-functionalist may see it as necessary for the smooth running and integration of society (McQueeney, 2011). As noted by the New World Encyclopedia (2013), conflict theory attempts to refute the functionalist approach, which considers that societies and organizations function so that each individual and group plays a specific role, like organs in the body. There are radical basic assumptions (society is eternally in conflict, which might explain social change), or moderate ones (custom and conflict are always mixed). The essence of conflict theory is best epitomized by the classic â€Å"pyramid structure† in which an elite dictates terms to the larger masses. All major social structures, l aws, and traditions in the society are designed to support those who have traditionally been in power, or the groups that are perceived to be superior in the society according to this theory (New World Encyclopedia, 2013). Conflict theory presupposes the following according to Ritzer (2007): conflict or struggle between individuals and groups who have opposing interesting or who are competing for scarce resources is the essence of social life; competition and conflict occur over many types of resources in  many settings, but power and economic resources are the principal sources of conflict and competition; conflict and struggle typically result in some individuals and groups dominating and controlling others, and patterns of domination and subordination tend to be self-perpetuating; dominate social groups have a disproportionate influence on the allocation of resources and on the structure of society. Ritzer (2007) mentions that in conflict; class struggle is the most fundamental and underlies all other forms. Political, ethnic, religious, and ideological conflicts not only manifest the predominant form of class conflict and the nature of the dominant class, but also in essence would not exist at al l were class conflict to be eradicated. As stated by Mooney, Knox, & Schacht, (2007), the conflict perspective explains various aspects of our social world by looking at which groups have power and benefit from a particular social arrangement. For example, feminist theory argues that we live in a patriarchal society – a hierarchical system of organization controlled by men. Although there are many varieties of feminist theory, most would hold that feminism â€Å"demands that existing economic, political, and social structures be change† (Mooney et al., 2007). The Russian Revolution of 1917 can be seen as an outcome of the conflict theory. This even illustrates the major revolutionary power of the rise of one social group against another. As indicated by the New World Encyclopedia (2013), the conflict theory can be applied on both the macro level (like the United States government or Soviet Russia, historically) or the micro level (a church organization or school club). Conflict theory seeks to catalog the ways in which those in power seek to stay in power. Conflict can arise in different areas: law, religion, education, or media, and can be found in the powerful protecting their monopoly, or the powerless att empting to change the status quo. There are some practice applications according to The Catholic University of America (2008) that the conflict theory could be used: it informs policy and may guide to a macro-level practice; it could be useful in formulating assessments involving oppression and client vulnerability; and could enhance understanding of conflict between persons, ideas, groups, classes, and larger social structures. Practice interventions could be listening for evidence of oppression within individuals, groups, and communities; paying attention to the role of conflict leading to client vulnerability; organizing to alter power  relationships; and recognizing that dominant and subordinate groups compete for resources (The Catholic University of America, 2008). When it comes to conflict the assumption is that if you have interaction, then you automatically have conflict. There is no human society that could exist without possessing conflicts of interest; conflict is normal and necessary for growth and social change. In understanding conflict theory, the New World Encyclopedia (2013) states that competition between social classes plays a key part. The following are four primary assumptions of modern conflict theory: firstly, competition over scarce resources (money, leisure, sexual partners, and so on) is at the heart of all social relationships. Competition rather than consensus is characteristic of human relationships. If everyone could get what they wanted, then there would not be any conflict. Secondly, inequalities in power and reward are built into all social structures. Individuals and groups that benefit from any particular structure strive to see it maintained. Thirdly, change occurs as a result of conflict between social class’s competing interests rather than through adaptation. It is often abrupt and revolutionary rather than evolutionary. Lastly, even war is a unifier of the societies involved, as well as war may set an end to whole societies. There are many assumptions regarding the conflict theory. In summary, conflict theory is the exploitation of the lower class by the wealthy, the unfair relationship between the worker/renter and the landlord/boss, and the idea that money will always bring about conflict. It is an interesting way to look at the world. Conflict theory may seem straightforward, but it isn’t always so cut and dry. In order to understand society, this Marxist theory must be considered without forgetting about other forms of conflict theory. According to The Catholic University of America, 2008, the conflict theory gives us some human behavior concepts such as: all societies perpetuate some forms of oppres sion and injustice and structural inequity; power is unequally divided and some groups dominate others; social order is based on manipulation and control by dominate groups; social change is driven by conflict, with periods of change interrupting periods of stability; and life is characterized by conflict not consensus. Conflict is an endemic; the goal is to manage conflict so it does not escalate to damaging levels. References The Catholic University of America (2008, August). Overview of theories of human behavior and the social environment. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from http://ncsss.cua.edu/res/docs/field/theories.pdf Crossman, A. (2013). Conflict Theory. Retrieved July 24, 2013, from http://sociology.about.com/od/Sociological-Theory/a/Conflict-Theory.htm McQueeney, K. (2011). Conflict Theory. Retrieved from www.unc.edu/~kbm/SOCI10Spring2004/Conflict_Theory.doc‎ Mooney, L. A., Knox, D., & Schacht, C. (2007). Understanding social problems (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. New World Encyclopedia (2013, June 13). Conflict theory. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Conflict_theory Ritzer, G. (2007). Conflict Theory. In The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology (Vol. 2, pp. 662 – 665). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Walsh, A. (2012). Critical theories: Marxist, conflict, and feminist. In Criminology: The essentials (pp. 93-110). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.

Lack of Teen Representaion in essays

Lack of Teen Representaion in essays The Lack of Representation of Teens in Government What was the significance of passing the graduated driving law in New Jersey? It only delays the inevitable. Anyone born after January 1, 1985 falls under the graduated licensing program. It is completely unnecessary. It splits the entire tenth grade in half. Half the teens get their deserved license at 17. The rest of us, will have to wait till we are 18. It wouldnt bother us so much if we were told this when we were kids, but they throw this at us a year before we get our licenses. It is cruel and unusual punishment against us as teens because we are teens. We are not 18, so we have no say in government. Something we cant control. This needs to change. We have rights too. This law is unnecessary because it only delays the timing when teens get their real licenses. It doesnt change the fact that new drivers are immature and fool around, whether they are 17 or 18. There is still going to be just as many accidents. The law doesnt make any sense. All it really does is restrict teens from carpooling, and it puts a curfew on driving. Teens are responsible drivers when they drive with their parents because they dont want to lose their parents trust; it is only until they get to drive alone that they do stupid things. Nighttime is the best time to fool around, but teens will fool around at night when they turn 18. The law is just delaying the inevitable, and it is punishing teens who havent even done anything to break the law. The deeper problem, is that the politicians pass this law on teens that cant legally take part in the government. There is no one to represent us, because all the people that can legally represent us are adults, and the adults find no problem with this law. It doesnt affect them. The government either needs to stop passing laws that restrict teens, or allow us to repre...

Martin Luther Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Martin Luther - Essay Example With the approval from the Pope, pardoners journeyed throughout Europe, making lucrative profit by selling Indulgences. In addition, the Pope did not allow the Bible to be translated. Luther found it unfair because the common people could not read Latin. It was unfair because the people had to believe whatever the priest told them. Luther believed that the people should be able to enjoy the freedom of reading the Bible on their own and in their own language. Martin Luther knew that the Church lost sight of fundamental truths. The Protestant Reformation was a struggle to change the ways of the Roman Catholic Church and to unshackle the people from ruthless leaders who hungered after the expansion of their domination at the expense of the Church. As a result in summary, Luther’s actions brought more liberty of Christian belief and ways. It was the start of the termination of papal dominion. They no longer had the authority to order both religious doctrine and political rulings. It indicated the breaking loose of people from suffering under the dictatorship of the priesthood in the Medieval

Segregation along gender lines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Segregation along gender lines - Essay Example Horizontally, women are disproportionately clustered into a narrow range of jobs that are regularly regarded to be ‘ghetto occupations’. Ghetto occupations have been classified as those which are female dominated and of low status, poor pay, with narrow job content, and that have few prospects of promotion. Introduction Occupational segregation is an obstacle used in the workplace to prevent women from realising their full potential in the market. It can also prevent employers from finding the most qualified personnel to fill job vacancies. Occupational segregation negatively affects the national as well as global economy. In Britain, many female workers are affected by vertical as well as horizontal segregation. This basically means that female workers tend to hold different jobs from the male workers which are of lower status and have lower pay packets. Female workers also tend to be directed towards industries that have a huge demand for workers who only work part tim e. Occupations which are usually peopled by female workers, and which tend to have low pay are often referred to as ‘pink-collar’ jobs or even ‘ghetto’ occupations. Causes of Segregation in the Workplace Limited Access to Career Options Gender stereotyping experienced by women during their formative years can affect their choice of occupation (Van Langen, Bosker and Dekkers, 2006). Gender stereotyping includes implicitly and explicitly expressed social attitudes within a person’s community. ... Even in developed nations like Britain, these attitudes are still present. When women are socialised to take on the ‘helping professions’ such as teaching, nursing, and secretarial work, it affects their decisions about the type of university courses they choose (Tracey and Nicholl, 2007). There are other institutional as well as structural barriers like biased marketing which discourage women from taking advantage of measures such as vocational training programmes for traditionally male jobs. Corporate culture and practice Other realities that compel women to choose to work in occupations that may not afford them large salaries or even a chance for promotion is because of the lack of the implementation of female-friendly practices in many corporate organisations. There are many organisations today that have instituted the acceptance of progressive employment agendas as one of their main objectives (Wynarczyk, 2007). However, this is not often implemented in the corporat e culture. Many women working in corporate organisations have to handle the reality of long hours which leave the worker with no time for his or her family, for example. The abilities of women are also not often viewed as strengths but as good personal skills. For example, the role of teaching young children has traditionally been occupied by women. Pre-school teachers play a very important role in society and are virtually responsible for teaching children all the social skills that are necessary to function in society. However, their importance is downplayed and their salaries are not at par with their services. This means that female workers face constraints in being